India ousted its British colonial rulers in 1947, after decades of struggle led principally by the revered Mohandas Gandhi. Indian economic policies would now be chosen in New Delhi rather than in London. British colonial policies had linked India‘s foreign trade to monopoly privileges and forced transfers of wealth from India toward Britain. In sharp contrast to Adam Smith, who had recommended ending such transfers by instituting free trade between former British colonies and Britain, Gandhi called for ending trade. He favored a form of national self sufficiency for India bordering on autarky. India‘s new government moved away from market-friendly policies. The growth of the Indian economy under Nehru‘s socialism, as we will see, was disappointing. More vigorous growth awaited the liberalization of the economy that began in the 1980s.