Commerce, Spontaneous Order, and Gender Freedom Movements

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Various social norms and legal restrictions limit individuals’ autonomy based on their gender. Some of these restrict the romantic and sexual relationships individuals may pursue. Others restrict gender expression. Still others restrict the freedom to work, own property, or participate in the political process. Many scholars have studied the role of intentional political activism in combating these restrictions. Less explored, however, is how spontaneous order within market economies created opportunities for this type of activism. Individuals who are seeking private gains rather than social change can nonetheless contribute to social change that they do not intend.